prize Archives - الجيريا

Nobel Peace Prize 2024.

The Nobel Prize Inventor :

Alfred Bernhard Nobel (21 October 1833 – 10 December 1896) was a Swedish

chemist, engineer, innovator, and armaments manufacturer. He was the

inventor of dynamite. Nobel also owned Bofors, which he had redirected from

its previous role as primarily an iron and steel producer to a major

manufacturer of cannon and other armaments. Nobel held 350 different

patents, dynamite being the most famous. He used his fortune posthumously

to institute the Nobel Prizes. The synthetic element nobelium was named after

him. His name also survives in modern-day companies such as Dynamit Nobel

and Akzo Nobel, which are descendants of the companies Nobel himself

established.

What is a Nobel Peace Prize ?

The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes created by the Swedish

industrialist, inventor, and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with

the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, Literature. Since

1901, it has been awarded annually (with some exceptions) to those who

have "done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the

abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion

of peace congresses."

Per Alfred Nobel’s will, the recipient is selected by the Norwegian Nobel

Committee, a 5-member committee appointed by the Parliament of Norway.

Since 1990, the prize is awarded on December 10 in Oslo City Hall each year.

The prize was formerly awarded in the Atrium of the University of Oslo Faculty

o f Law (1947–1989), the Norwegian Nobel Institute (1905–1946) and the Parliament

(1901–1904).

Due to its political nature, the Nobel Peace Prize has, for most of its history,

been the subject of controversies.

Who Deserve The Nobel Peace Prize ?

According to Nobel’s will, the Peace Prize shall be awarded to the person who "shall have done the most or the

best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and

promotion of peace congresses."

Alfred Nobel’s will further specified that the prize be awarded by a committee of five people chosen by the

Norwegian Parliament.

Nobel died in 1896 and he did not leave an explanation for choosing peace as a prize category. As he was a trained

chemical engineer, the categories for chemistry and physics were obvious choices. The reasoning behind the peace

prize is less clear. According to the Norwegian Nobel Committee, his friendship with Bertha von Suttner, a peace

activist and later recipient of the prize, profoundly influenced his decision to include peace as a category. Some

Nobel scholars suggest it was Nobel’s way to compensate for developing destructive forces. His inventions included

dynamite and ballistite, both of which were used violently during his lifetime. Ballistite was used in war and the Irish

Republican Brotherhood, an Irish nationalist organization, carried out dynamite attacks in the 1880s. Nobel was also

instrumental in turning Bofors from an iron and steel company to an armaments company.

It is unclear why Nobel wished the Peace Prize to be administered in Norway, which was ruled in union with Sweden

at the time of Nobel’s death. The Norwegian Nobel Committee speculates that Nobel may have considered Norway

better suited to awarding the prize, as it did not have the same militaristic traditions as Sweden. It also notes that

at the end of the 19th century, the Norwegian parliament had become closely involved in the Inter-Parliamentary

Union’s efforts to resolve conflicts through mediation and arbitration

Prize Laureates :

The Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded 93 times to 124 Nobel Laureates between 1901 and 2024, 100 individuals

and 24 organizations. Since International Committee of the Red Cross was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1917,

1944 and 1963, and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees was awarded the Nobel Peace

Prize in 1954 and 1981, 100 individuals and 21 organizations have been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

2024 ???

2024 The European Union (EU)

2024 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee

and Tawakkol Karman

2024 Liu Xiaobo

2024 Barack H. Obama

2024 Martti Ahtisaari

2024 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change (IPCC) and Albert Arnold (Al)

Gore Jr.

2024 Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank

2024 International Atomic Energy Agency

(IAEA) and Mohamed ElBaradei

2024 Wangari Maathai

2024 Shirin Ebadi

2024 Jimmy Carter

2024 The United Nations ( U.N.) and Kofi

Annan

2024 Kim Dae Jung

1999 Doctors Without Borders (Médecins

Sans Frontières)

1998 John Hume and David Trimble

1997 International Campaign to Ban

Landmines (ICBL) and Jody Williams

1996 Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo and José

Ramos-Horta

1995 Joseph Rotblat and Pugwash

Conferences on Science and World

Affairs

1994 Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres and

Yitzhak Rabin

1993 Nelson Mandela and Frederik Willem de

Klerk

1992 Rigoberta Menchú Tum

1991 Aung San Suu Kyi

1990 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev

1989 The 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso

1988 The United Nations Peace-keeping

Forces

1987 Oscar Arias Sánchez

1986 Elie Wiesel

1985 International Physicians for the

Prevention of Nuclear War

1984 Desmond Mpilo Tutu

1983 Lech Walesa

1982 Alva Myrdal and Alfonso García Robles

1981 Office of the United Nations High

Commissioner for Refugees

1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel

1979 Mother Teresa

1978 Mohammad Anwar Al-Sadat and

Menachem Begin

1977 Amnesty International

1976 Betty Williams and Mairead Corrigan

1975 Andrei Sakharov

1974 Seán MacBride and Eisaku Sato

1973 Henry A. Kissinger and Le Duc Tho

1972 The prize money for 1972 was

transferred to the Main Fund.

1971 Willy Brandt

1970 Norman Ernest Borlaug

1969 The International Labour Organization

(ILO)

1968 René Cassin

1967 One-third of the prize money was

transferred to the Main Fund, and two-
thirds to the Nobel Institute’s Special

Fund

1966 One-third of the prize money was

transferred to the Main Fund, and two-
thirds to the Nobel Institute’s Special

Fund

1965 United Nations Children’s Fund

(UNICEF)

1964 Martin Luther King Jr.

1963 The International Committee of the Red

Cross and The League of Red Cross

Societies

1962 Linus Carl Pauling

1961 Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld

1960 Albert John Lutuli

1959 Philip John Noel-Baker

1958 Georges Pire

1957 Lester Bowles Pearson

1956 One-third of the prize money was

transferred to the Main Fund, and two-
thirds to the Nobel Institute’s Special

Fund

1955 One-third of the prize money was

transferred to the Main Fund, and two-
thirds to the Nobel Institute’s Special

Fund

1954 The Office of the United Nations High

Commissioner for Refugees

1953 George Catlett Marshall

1952 Albert Schweitzer

1951 Léon Jouhaux

1950 Ralph Bunche

1949 Baron John Boyd Orr of Brechin

1948 One-third of the prize money was

transferred to the Main Fund, and two-
thirds to the Nobel Institute’s Special

Fund

1947 The Friends Service Council and The

American Friends Service Committee

(the Quakers)

1946 Emily Greene Balch and John Raleigh

Mott

1945 Cordel Hull

1944 The International Committee of the Red

Cross

1943 One-third of the prize money was

transferred to the Main Fund, and two-
thirds to the Nobel Institute’s Special

Fund

1942 One-third of the prize money was

transferred to the Main Fund, and two-
thirds to the Nobel Institute’s Special

Fund

1941 One-third of the prize money was

transferred to the Main Fund, and two-
thirds to the Nobel Institute’s Special

Fund

1940 One-third of the prize money was

transferred to the Main Fund, and two-
thirds to the Nobel Institute’s Special

Fund

1939 One-third of the prize money was

transferred to the Main Fund, and two-
thirds to the Nobel Institute’s Special

Fund

1938 The Nansen International Office for

Refugees (Office international Nansen

pour les réfugiés

1937 Viscount (Lord Edgar Algernon Robert

Gascoyne Cecil) Cecil of Chelwood

1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas

1935 Carl von Ossietzky

1934 Arthur Henderson

1933 Sir (Ralph) Norman Angell (Lane)

1932 The prize money was allocated to the

Nobel Institute’s Special Fund.

1931 Jane Addams and Nicholas Murray

Butler

1930 Lars Olof Jonathan (Nathan) Söderblom

1929 Frank Billings Kellogg

1928 The prize money was allocated to the

Nobel Institute’s Special Fund.

1927 Ferdinand Edouard Buisson and Ludwig

Quidde

1926 Aristide Briand and Gustav Stresemann

1925 Sir (Joseph) Austen Chamberlain and

Charles Gates Dawes

1924 The prize money was allocated to the

Nobel Institute’s Special Fund

1923 The prize money was allocated to the

Nobel Institute’s Special Fund.

1922 Fridtjof Nansen

1921 Karl Hjalmar Branting and Christian

Lous Lange

1920 Léon Victor Auguste Bourgeois

1919 Thomas Woodrow Wilson

1918 The prize money was allocated to the

Nobel Institute’s Special Fund

1917 The International Committee of the Red

Cross (Comité International de la Croix-
Rouge)

1916 The prize money was allocated to the

Nobel Institute’s Special Fund

1915 The prize money was allocated to the

Nobel Institute’s Special Fund

1914 The prize money was allocated to the

Nobel Institute’s Special Fund

1913 Henri La Fontaine

1912 Elihu Root

1911 Tobias Michael Carel Asser and Alfred

Hermann Fried

1910 The Permanent International Peace

Bureau (Bureau International Permanent

de la Paix)

1909 Auguste Marie François Beernaert

and Paul Henri Benjamin Balluet

d’Estournelles de Constant

1908 Klas Pontus Arnoldson and Fredrik

Bajer

1907 Ernesto Teodoro Moneta and Louis

Renault

1906 Theodore Roosevelt

1905 Baroness Bertha Sophie Felicita von

Suttner

1904 Institut de Droit International (Institute

of International Law)

1903 Sir William Randal Cremer

1902 Elie Ducommun and Charles Albert

Gobat

1901 Henri Dunant and Frédéric Passy

merçi bcp الجيريا

you’re welcome !! ^^

thank you my sister

you’re welcome my sister

Nobel Peace Prize project 2AS (مِنْ رَفْعِي) 2024.

السلام عليكم و رحمة الله تعالى و بركاته
اليوم فقط ، بدأت في إنجاز بحث الانجليزية الذي يتحدث عن جائزة نوبل للسلام .
و رايت أن الكثير لم يجهزه بعد ، لذلك فكرت في المساعدة بشرط الجيريا

أدعولي فقط .
هههه الرفع من الموقع المحبوب Mediafire :
من هنا
ملاحظة : أرجو حذف الصورة التي بها الأسماء .

شكرا جزيلا لك

البحــث شبــاب الله يعطيك الصحا أختي

العفو لا شكرَ على واجب الجيريا المهم ندو نقاط ملاح هههههه

مشكووورة أختي الجيريا

العفو لا شكر على واجب خيوو

مارسي حنونة يعطيك الصحة

ممكن تعطيني القائمة من 2024 الى 2024 و كاما راكي مدايرتها انت يعني كل شخص
بالشرح

اوكي …شكرا لك على هذه المبادرة الطيبة
أنا أيضا كنت أود رفعه لكني ظننت أن معظم الأعضاء أنجزوه
لكن أريد أن أسأل…انا بحثي درتو بال power point …من أي موقع تحميل يمكنني رفعه؟

merci wallah kount n7awass 3liih

اقتباس:

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة khadija ^^

بأي موقع تريدين ، لكني أفضل Media Fire فهو اسهل من حيث طريقة التحميل و لا يحتوي على روابط كثيرة و صفحات Pop-ups الجيريا شاركينا به غاليتي في اقرب وقت

اقتباس:

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة أميرة العلوم

مارسي حنونة يعطيك الصحة

ممكن تعطيني القائمة من 2024 الى 2024 و كاما راكي مدايرتها انت يعني كل شخص
بالشرح

هاهو من العام الاول لتقديمها الى يومنا هذا اضغطي على اسم كل واحد يعطيك التعريف نتاعو https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of…rize_laureates

بارك الله فيك

اقتباس:

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة اميرة قلبي

بأي موقع تريدين ، لكني أفضل Media Fire فهو اسهل من حيث طريقة التحميل و لا يحتوي على روابط كثيرة و صفحات Pop-ups الجيريا

شاركينا به غاليتي في اقرب وقت

شكرا لك أمورة
لقد وضعته في موضوع جديد لتعم الفائدة
هاهو
https://www.djelfa.info/vb/showthread.php?t=1497028

أتمنى أن تطلعي عليه وتفيديني برأيك حوله

اختي ممكن تعطيني الفوطو لي كتبتي فيه اسمائكم
بيسك حابة نديرو و بحثت عليه و ما لقيتوش

بحث عن جائزة نوبل. Nobel Prize 2024.

***/// السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته. أقدم لتلامذة السنة الثانية ثانوي بحث وجيز بعنوان "جائزة نوبل Nobel Prize". أرجو أن ينال إعجابكم.\***

إليكم الرابط:

https://www.4shared.com/office/5EAbZj…_preject_.html
الجيريا

بحث الأنجليزية الاول حول nobel pace prize كامل وجاهز للعرض 2024.

السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته

اقدم لكم ثمرة عمل شاق و طويل لأنجاز المشروع الأول في الأنجليزية حول جائزة نوبل للسلام

Nobel peace prize

البحث كامل و منظم بال POWER POINT
اتمنى ان ينال اعجابكم

التحميل… الله اكبر

……

ميرسي صديقي

شكرااا
ممكن طريقة حفظ العمل ببرنامج powerpoint ؟؟
وطريقة للعرض؟

شكرااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااا

ممكن فقرة في الانجليزية عن obama nobel peace prize 2024.

السلام عليكم
من فضلكم ممكن فقرة في الانجليزية عن obama nobel peace prize

??????????????? ,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes created by the Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature. Since 1901, it has been awarded annually (with some exceptions) to those who have "done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses.
Per Alfred Nobel’s will, the recipient is selected by the Norwegian Nobel Committee, a 5-member committee appointed by the Parliament of Norway. Since 1990, the prize is awarded on December 10 in Oslo City Hall each year. The prize was formerly awarded in the Atrium of the University of Oslo Faculty of Law (1947–89), the Norwegian Nobel Institute (1905–46) and the Parliament 1901–04

ملاحظة :
لن اسمح لكم ان استعملتوها للغش

وفقكم الله آآمين

The winner in 2024 is Barack H. Obama
Born: 4 August 1961, Honolulu, HI, USA
Prize motivation: "for his extraordinary
efforts to strengthen international diplomacy
and cooperation between peoples"

 Barack H. Obama is the 44th President of the United States.
His story is the American Story – values from the heartland, a middle-class upbringing in a strong family, hard work and education as the means of getting ahead, and the conviction that a life so blessed should be lived in service to others.
He won the NPP for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples.

Jiit rày7a nediha bach nediirha copiyyage mais nti 9oltii لن اسمح لكم ان استعملتوها للغش Domagge :/ :/

شكرا لك بارك الله فيك

ما شاء الله فقرة رائعـة
ساحفظهـا باذنـ الله

Barak Obama
president of the u.s.a
born August 4, 1961 is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. Obama previously served as a United States Senator from Illinois, from January 2024 until he resigned after his election to the presidency in November 2024.
A native of Honolulu, Hawaii, Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2024.
Obama served three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2024. Following an unsuccessful bid against a Democratic incumbent for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in 2024, he ran for United States Senate in 2024. Several events brought him to national attention during the campaign, including his victory in the March 2024 Democratic primary and his keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2024. He won election to the U.S. Senate in November 2024. His presidential campaign began in February 2024, and after a close campaign in the 2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries against Hillary Rodham Clinton, he won his party’s nomination. In the 2024 general election, he defeated Republican nominee John McCain and was inaugurated as president on January 20, 2024.
As president, Obama signed economic stimulus legislation in the form of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act in February 2024. Other domestic policy initiatives include the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, a major piece of health care reform legislation which he signed into law in March 2024, and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, which forms part of his financial regulatory reform efforts, which he signed in July 2024. In foreign policy, Obama gradually withdrew combat troops from Iraq, increased troop levels in Afghanistan, and signed an arms control treaty with Russia. On October 8, 2024, besides The 2024 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to him "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples." The Norwegian Nobel Committee announced the award on October 9, 2024, citing Obama’s promotion of nuclear nonproliferation and a "new climate" in international relations fostered by Obama, especially in reaching out to the Muslim world.
Obama is the first U.S. president to receive the award during his first year in office (at eight and a half months, after being nominated less than a month in office), although several other world leaders were awarded in the year following their election to national office .
On December 10, 2024, Obama accepted the prize in Oslo. In a 36-minute speech, he discussed the tensions between war and peace and the idea of a "just war". Obama announced early that he would donate the full 10 million Swedish kronor (about US$1.4 million) monetary award to charity. The largest donations were given to the housing charity Fisher House Foundation who received $250,000, and the Clinton Bush Haiti Fund which received $200,000. Eight organizations which support education also received a donation. $125,000 were donated to the College Summit, the Posse Foundation, the United Negro College Fund, the Hispanic Scholarship Fund, the Appalachian Leadership and Education Foundation, and the American Indian College Fund. $100,000 was donated to Africare, and the Central Asia Institute.

In Algeria most of the Algerians think that the president abdelaziz boutéflika deserve the nobel peace prize

شكرا على المعلومات انا كنت بحاجة اليها ايضا

البحث الثاني في الانجليزية nobel beace prize winners 2024.

نسحق المشروع هذا يا جماعة عونوني فيه موجود في الصفحة 51

please ineed this project

In the past men suffered from wars and problems because every country (European countries) wanted to be the leader of the world and to steal countries good’s .to solve this people started thinking about the ways that can maintain peace in the world and some of them did a great job for this they deserve wining the Nobel peace prize
The Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded to 96 individuals and 20 organizations since 1901.
Nobel peace prize winners over the past ten years
The prize goes to: 2024
Martti Ahtisaari(carelie) for his important efforts, on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts.
The prize goes to:2017
Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change (IPCC) and Albert Arnold ( AL) GORE JR.(america)
for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change.
2024
:The prize goes to
Muhammad Yunus(bengladesh) andGrameen Bank for their efforts to create economic and social development from below.
The prize was awarded jointly to:2017
International Atomic Energy Agency andMohamed Elbaradei(egypt)
for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way.
The prize was awarded to:2017
Wangari Maathai (Kenya)
for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace
: 2024 The prize was awarded to
Shirin Ebadi (iran)
for her efforts for democracy and human rights
2024
The prize was awarded to:
Jimmy Carter JR(america)., former President of the United States of America,
for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development
2024
The prize was awarded to:
United Nations, New York, NY, USA
Kofi Annan,(ghanna) United Nations Secretary General
2024
The prize was awarded to:
Kim Dae Jung(korea)for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular.
1999
The prize was awarded to:
Doctors Without Borders (Médecins Sans Frontiers), Brussels, Belgium.
1998
The prize was awarded jointly to:
John Hume and David Trimble for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland.
The Nobel Peace Prize may also be awarded to institutions and associations
‏‏The Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided to award the Nobel Peace Prize for 2024 to Martti Ahtisaari for his important efforts, on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts. These efforts have contributed to a more peaceful world and to “fraternity between nations” in Alfred Nobel’s spirit.
Martti ahtissari biography
A diplomat for more than 30 years and president of Finland from 1994 to 2024
Martti Oiva Kalevi Ahtisaari was born on June 23, 1937, in the city of Viipuri. He graduated from the University of Oulu in 1959 and joined the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland in 1965. President Ahtisaari held various posts in the Ministry’s Bureau for Technical Co-operation from 1965 to 1972 and held the position of deputy director,. President Ahtisaari assumed the position of secretary of state in the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland in 1991
During his tenure as president, he led Finland’s entry into the European Union and took an active role in Finland’s foreign and security policy.
Muhammad Yunus biography
"Banker to the Poor"
Professor Muhammad Yunus was born in 28th June, 1940 in the village of Bathua
he established the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh in 1983, fueled by the belief that credit is a fundamental human right. His objective was to help poor people escape from poverty by providing loans on terms suitable to them and by teaching them a few sound financial principles so they could help themselves.
Dr .elbaradei biography
Dr. ElBaradei was born in Cairo, Egypt, in 1942, son of the late Mostafa ElBaradei, a lawyer and former President of the Egyptian Bar Association. He gained a Bachelor’s degree in Law in 1962 at the University of Cairo, and a Doctorate in International Law at the New York University School of Law in 1974.
He began his career in the Egyptian Diplomatic Service in 1964
From 1981 to 1987 he was a Professor of International Law at the New York University School of Law.
In October 2024, Dr. ElBaradei and the IAEA were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for efforts "to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way." In addition, he has received multiple other awards for his work
the potential candidates for the Nobel peace prize from Algeria and abroad
Abdelaziz Bouteflika biography
(1937- )President of Algeria since 1999, Foreign Minister 1963-79, and Minister of Youth, Sport and Tourism 1962-63.
Bouteflika was an piece of the image of the optimistic and dynamic Algeria that rose after the Algerian War.
We hope that he will get the nobel peace prize for his outstanding role as a peace-maker since he was elected to the Presidency of the Republic in 1999.
He thus saved the country from destruction and spared not only Algeria, but Africa and Mediterranean Basin countries from the scourge of terrorism.
UN peacekeeping
United Nations peacekeeping is a unique and dynamic instrument developed by the Organization as a way to help countries torn by conflict create the conditions for lasting peace. The first UN peacekeeping mission was established in 1948, when the Security Council authorized the deployment of UN military observers to the Middle East to monitor the Armistice Agreement between Israel and its Arab neighbours. Since then, there have been a total of 63 UN peacekeeping operations around the world.
UN peacekeeping continues to evolve, both conceptually and operationally, to meet new challenges and political realities. Faced with the rising demand for increasingly complex peace operations, the United Nations in the past few years has been overstretched and challenged as never before. The Organization has worked vigorously to strengthen its capacity to manage and sustain field operations and, thus, contribute to the most important function of the United Nations – maintaining international peace and security.
Alfred Nobel –
The Man Behind the Nobel Prize
Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been honoring men and women from all corners of the globe for outstanding achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and for work in peace. The foundations for the prize were laid in 1895 when Alfred Nobel wrote his last will, leaving much of his wealth to the establishment of the Nobel Prize